Tips Mengatasi Demam pada Si Kecil

Demam adalah peningkatan suhu tubuh melebihi normal. Temperatur normal tubuh berkisar antara 36-38 derajat celcius. Anak Anda mengalami demam apabila dengan pengukuran suhu temperatur : • Termometer pada rektum atau anus melebihi 38 derajat celcius • Termometer pada mulut melebihi 37,5 derajat celcius • Termometer pada ketiak melebihi 37 derajat celcius Apa Penyebab Demam? Demam terjadi ketika "termostat" dalam tubuh meningkatkan temperatur tubuh di atas batas normal. Termostat ini berada di salah satu bagian otak yang disebut dengan hipotalamus. Hipotalamus akan mengatur temperatur tubuh yang sesuai dan akan mengirimkan sinyal ke tubuh untuk menjaga temperatur normal.  Terkadang hipotalamus akan "mengatur" temperatur tubuh menjadi lebih tinggi sebagai respon terhadap infeksi, penyakit, dan penyebab lainya. Para peneliti mengemukakan bahwa peningkatan temperatur tubuh merupakan cara tubuh untuk melawan kuman yang menyebabkan infeksi dan membuat tubuh sebagai tempat yang tidak nyaman bagi kuman tersebut.  Demam merupakan suatu gejala dan bukanlah penyakit. Demam dapat disebabkan karena infeksi, kondisi yang terlalu panas, imunisasi, dan penyebab lainnya. Bagaimana mengukur suhu pada anak? Mengukur suhu dengan menggunakan tangan pada dahi, pipi, atau perut anak bukanlah cara yang baik untuk mengukur demam. Anda sebaiknya mengukur peningkatan suhu pada anak menggunakan termometer untuk meyakinkan bahwa anak Anda terkena demam. Jenis termometer di antaranya adalah termometer raksa, termometer digital, dan termometer timpanik yang diletakkan pada telinga. Cara pengukuran termometer raksa di antaranya adalah : • Untuk bayi dan balita: Pengukuran terbaik menggunakan termometer yang diletakkan pada ketiak. Taruh ujung termometer pada pertengahan ketiak, pegang dengan satu tangan dan gunakan tangan yang lain untuk menahan lengan bayi agar tidak terbuka. Tahan termometer selama tiga hingga empat menit • Usia lima tahun keatas: Pengukuran terbaik adalah dengan menggunakan termometer yang diletakkan pada mulut. Apabila anak baru makan sesuatu yang dingin atau panas, tunggu 10 menit baru mengukur suhu. Baringkan anak Anda, taruh termometer di bawah lidahnya, beritahukan kepada anak Anda untuk menutup mulutnya namun jangan menggigit. Tahan termometer selama dua hingga tiga menit Apakah anak sebaiknya dimandikan apabila demam? Memandikan dengan menggunakan busa atau lap basah merupakan salah satu cara yang baik untuk menurunkan demam apabila anak muntah atau tidak dapat meminum obat penurun demam. Terkadang, mandi dan minum obat penurun demam dapat menurunkan demam dan membuat anak merasa lebih nyaman. Gunakan air hangat dan lap anak Anda dengan busa khusus atau lap mandi. Bagaimana cara menangani demam pada anak ? Tanpa obat : • Bila anak Anda tetap makan, minum, dan bermain seperti biasa, kemungkinan dia tidak membutuhkan obat penurun panas. • Pakaikan baju yang tipis atau pakaikan hanya pakaian dalam sehingga anak akan melepaskan panas lewat kulitnya. • Kompres anak dengan menggunakan air hangat pada dahi, leher, ketiak, dada. Jangan biarkan kompres mengering di badan anak, angkat kompres ketika setengah kering, celup kembali di air hangat, peras, letakkan di badan anak. • Jangan menggunakan alkohol sebagai kompres anak. Alkohol dapat menyebabkan kehilangan panas terlalu cepat sehingga menyebabkan intoksikasi atau keracunan alkohol. • Tutupi anak dengan selimut tipis apabila anak kedinginan atau menggigil. • Istirahatkan anak Anda karena aktivitas dapat meningkatkan demam. • Berikan anak cairan ekstra berupa air, jus, atau susu. Apabila anak tidak mau minum, berikan anak cairan apapun yang dia inginkan. Dengan obat : • Obat dapat membantu anak untuk merasa lebih baik namun tidak menghentikan demam. • Berikan Parasetamol setiap empat jam sekali atau enam kali sehari. • Bacalah labelnya dan ikuti petunjuk yang ada sesuai dengan umur dan berat badan anak. • Diskusikan dengan dokter sebelum memberikan Ibuprofen. • Jangan berikan Aspirin pada anak di bawah 16 tahun karena dapat menyebabkan penyakit yang serius seperti Sindrom Reye’s yang dapat mengakibatkan kerusakan otak dan hati. Kapan sebaiknya ke dokter? • Hubungi dokter apabila bayi Anda demam dengan temperatur rektal lebih tinggi dari 38 derajat celcius, dan berusia di bawah tiga bulan • Hubungi dokter apabila temperatur anak pada usia tiga bulan hingga tiga tahun mencapai suhu 39 derajat celcius atau lebih. • Hubungi dokter apabila anak demam dan hilang nafsu makan, sakit kepala, muntah atau nyeri perut, menangis melebihi biasa, mengalami nyeri pada tenggorokan, sulit bernapas, nyeri pada telinga, dan nyeri ketika berkemih Demam biasa tidak akan berlangsung lebih dari tiga hari. Hubungi dokter bila temperatur anak tidak turun setelah tiga hari dan telah dilakukan semua tindakan di atas.

Iritasi pada Kulit Bayi, Apa dan Bagaimana Mengatasinya

Iritasi pada kulit bayi sering terjadi, beberapa keadaan dapat menjadi pemicu terjadinya iritasi, seperti: * Pemakaian popok sintesis atau celana berlapis plastik yang lama tidak diganti, sering menimbulkan iritasi langsung pada kulit akibat tertimbunnya urin atau kotoran yang mengandung amonia. Tertutupnya daerah popok meningkatkan suhu maupun kelembaban di daerah lipatan bokong makin memudahkan penyerapan bahan-bahan kimia iritan tersebut. Bila berlangsung berulang-ulang pelindung kulit akan rusak, sehingga memudahkan berkembangbiaknya jamur, seperti Candida albicans. * Pada daerah-daerah lipatan terutama pada bayi gemuk seperti daerah leher, lipat paha, lipat siku, bila terjadi penumpukan keringat yang terlalu lama maka akan mengiritasi kulit bayi. Peradangan berulang yang terjadi juga akan diperburuk dengan berkembangbiaknya jamur seperti Candida albicans.  * Bayi dengan riwayat keluarga alergi akan lebih sering dijumpai keluhan iritasi, seperti sisik halus di daerah kulit kepala akibat pemakaian produk kosmetika sampo ber-pH tinggi atau hair-lotion yang terlalu wangi. Dapat pula dijumpai hal serupa di daerah dada, punggung, perut akibat pemakaian minyak penghangat seperti minyak telon atau kayu putih yang digunakan terus-menerus di iklim panas. * Kekeringan kulit bayi akibat pemakaian berulang sabun mandi yang mengandung antiseptik. Peradangan kronis akibat kontak bahan iritan lemah akan mempengaruhi keseimbangan flora normal kulit, dengan akibat berkurangnya daya pertahanan alamiah kulit. * Bayi baru lahir yang mengkonsumsi susu sapi formula dengan kadar pH tinggi terkadang dijumpai kemerahan di daerah sekitar dubur. Bagaimana mengobatinya ? 1. Terpenting adalah pencegahannya, karena bila dicermati semua faktor penyebab iritasi pada kulit bayi dapat dicegah. Umumnya kelainan kulit baru timbul bila telah terjadi paparan yang berulang-ulang dalam jangka waktu yang lama. 2. Hindari sementara pemakaian popok sekali pakai atau celana berlapis plastik selama peradangan. Pakailah popok kain tipis lembut yang bahannya menyerap keringat. Cuci daerah bokong dan sekitarnya setiap bayi buang air kecil atau buang air besar dengan sabun lembut untuk bayi, keringkan dengan handuk lembut ditepuk-tepuk pelan dan jangan digosok kasar. Hindari bedak saat kulit meradang. 3. Daerah lipatan yang meradang sering dikompres dengan waslap handuk yang dibasahi air, hindari pemakaian bedak untuk sementara waktu. Daerah lipatan sering dibuka dan diangin-anginkan. Bila berkeringat segera seka perlahan dengan waslap handuk yang dibasahi air, jangan digosok lalu dikeringkan dengan handuk. Pakailah baju longgar dari bahan katun yang tipis dan mudah menyerap keringat. 4. Bila dijumpai kulit bersisik dapat diberi krim pelembab khusus bayi setelah mandi. Jangan mandi dengan air terlalu panas berlama-lama. Pakailah sabun dan sampo khusus bayi. Untuk sementara waktu hindari penggunaan bedak atau berbagai produk kosmetik untuk bayi. 5. Jangan oleskan obat salep, krim atau minyak apapun di daerah yang meradang tanpa konsultasi dengan dokter terlebih dahulu. 6. Yang perlu diperhatikan dalah pencegahan. Iritasi pada kulit bayi lebih sering disebabkan oleh bahan iritan yang lemah seperti keringat, urin, feses, produk perawatan kulit yang salah penggunaannya, deterjen, atau cairan anriseptik dan mungkin kitapun punya andil untuk memaparkannya. Kadang-kadang timbulnya iritasi ditunjang oleh kondisi yang cocok untuk timbulnya peradangan seperti faktor kelembaban, panas, tertutup ataupun gesekan.

RESEP ANEKA CAKE

CAKE TAPE

Bahan :

-          250 gr        Tape haluskan

-          150 gr        Mentega cair

-          150 gr        Gula pasir

-            4  btr        Telur

-          150 gr        Terigu

-             3  sdm    Susu kental manis

-          Sedikit Baking powder

Cara :

-          Campur tape, mentega cair dan susu kental manis

-          Kocok gula dengan telur sampai mengembang

-          Masukkan terigu yang diberi sedikit baking powder, aduk perlahan sampai rata

-          Masukkan campuran tape, mentega dan susu kental manis

-          Masak di snack maker, atasnya bias diberi kenari, keju atau kismis.

-          Tutup langsung cetakan, masak 10 – 15 menit dengan api kecil.

FRUIT CAKE

Bahan:

1. 750 gr              Soft butter
2. 750 gr             Sugar
3.  15  pc                         Egg (medium)
4. 800 gr             Terigu segitiga
5.     1 sdm          Baking powder
6. 900 gr              Glazzed fruit/ buah kering
7. 200 gr              hazelnut (mente)
8. 300 gr              Raisins
9. Sckpnya          Lemon essen
10. Sckpnya          Vanilla essen
11. Just a pinch     Garam

BUTTER CAKE

Bahan:

1. 312,5 gr           Sugar
2. 250    gr           Butter
3. 282    gr           Soft flour/ segitiga
4.     5    pc          Eggs
5. Just a pinch     Garam
6. Sckpnya          Vanila essen/ lemon essen

SACHER TART

Bahan cake:

1.   24     pcs        White eggs
2. 400     gr          Sugar
3. 200     gr          Margerine
4. 250     gr          Butter
5. 100     gr          Sugar
6.   24     pc         yolk eggs/ kuning telur
7. 450     gr          Melted chocolate/ coklat cair
8. 450     gr          Flour
9.   50     gr          Cocoa powder

Bahan Icing:

1. 400     gr          Apricot jam
2. 300     gr          Chocolate buttercream
3. 800     gr          Chocolate coating
4. a little chocolate melted

  

CHOCOLATE FUDGE CAKE

Bahan cake:

1. 175      gr         Sugar
2.   90      gr         Margarine
3. 175      gr         Milk (liquid)
4.     2      pcs       Eggs
5.   60      gr         Melted cocolate
6.    ½      tsp       Baking powder
7. 180      gr         Soft flour
8.   25      gr        Cocoa powder
9. Just a pinch Salt

Ganache:

1. 500      gr         Chocolate blok
2. 250      gr         Cream (whippy cream)
3.   15      gr         Cocoa powder                         boiled don’t bubble
4.   10      gr         Sugar

Finishing:

1. 110-120 gr       Ganache
2. 150      gr         Custard cream
3.   50      gr         Cream whipped
4. 200      gr         Chocolate
5.   50      gr         Shortening
6.   20      gr         Powder sugar
7. Few drop rhum

BANANA CAKE

Bahan:

1.     5      pcs       Banana (hancurkan)
2. 150      gr         Sugar
3. 120      gr         Butter
4. 300      gr         Flour
5.     1      tsp       Baking powder
6.     1      tsp       Baking soda
7. dish of             Cinamon
8.    3       pc        Eggs medium
9.  50       gr         Chopped nut
10.    4       tbsp     Raisin

6 Allergy Tips from Dr. Oz

Moms of allergic kids have to do double-duty to keep their bundles of joy safe, happy, and healthy. In the Moms of Allergic Children community moms are sharing their concerns and questions about allergies. Here are some quick tips for them and others on how to treat – and prevent – some common allergies.

Let Them Eat Dirt

No, not as a meal and not by the bucket load. The point here is that it’s better for your children to get messy, get dirty, and come in contact with the natural world than it is for them to grow up in an ultrasterile environment where you scrub every surface with disinfectant. The reason: You need to allow their immune armies to get their basic training. If they don’t have an opportunity to practice fighting, then they’ll be trigger happy when they encounter a minor intruder. So while we certainly recommend that you be vigilant when it comes to hand washing to protect against those viruses and bacteria that can get passed from kid to kid and from hand to mouth, remember that there’s an absolute biological advantage to exposing your kid to all kinds of things in the natural world, including dirt. Note the difference between dirt (organic, such as what’s found on a farm) and filth (city grime).

Reduce Exposure

You can’t cure allergies or asthma, but you can minimize the damage by trying to reduce your child’s exposure to triggers. Some tactics you can take:

• Keep the floor in your child’s room uncarpeted, because bare floors don’t trap allergens as much as rugs and carpets. Even better, do the same for the whole house.
• Use light drapes that you can wash regularly instead of heavy ones, which can trap dust. Even better, install blinds and wipe them down frequently.
• Use special 1 micron or latex covers for all pillows and mattresses to keep dust mites from sneaking onto your child. Commonly sold as “hypoallergenic dust mite protectors,” they should zip closed, not just wrap or stretch around like a fitted sheet.
• After your child plays outside, change her clothes, because they may have picked up pollen. And have her take a shower or bath at the end of a good day of play outside, to minimize exposure to poison ivy and other contact allergens.
• If your child is waking up with allergic symptoms, it could be the stuff inside his pillow, either the feathers or the mite poop. Switch from feather to foam and seal with a one micron pillowcase to see if his symptoms improve.

Get Your Pets First

In an ideal world, you’ll want to have the pets before the kids. Why? That way, your newborn will be exposed to the animal’s allergens from the get-go, so his immune system will learn how to handle them and thus reduce risk of allergy. If you have a family history of pet allergies, you may have to choose not to have any furry pets at all (fish are nice…), or do some research on dogs to find some of the less allergenic breeds, such as poodles and Labradoodles.

Watch the Eggs

We recommend that you avoid giving egg whites to children until they’re at least one year old, because exposure to the whites may induce an allergy. A hard-boiled egg yolk is okay after six months of age. By the way, kids typically outgrow egg allergies by age two.

Be Assertive

If your child has a severe peanut allergy or other serious allergy, you will have to be his strongest advocate everywhere he goes—clearly communicating in writing the seriousness of the allergy and how to handle it, including prevention, an action plan in case of exposure, and emergency numbers. Many other parents will try to help, some will be aloof, and some will underestimate the severity of the problem, so make no assumptions about what other people know and don’t know about allergies. Be clear about the risks and about the parameters: for example, that your child will get reactions even if the peanuts are anywhere in the room. As your child gets older, she’ll learn what she can and can’t have, but at this stage it takes hyper-vigilance on your part to educate everyone else around her.

It is important to clear up some of the most common rookie mistakes that adults make: like making a sandwich with the same knife that was used to spread peanut butter, or sharing foods that don’t overtly contain any peanuts but may have been made with peanut oil. We recommend that you check with the manufacturer of all foods your child eats to make sure that their production lines are nut free. Interesting note: A lot of locally made products are manufactured at small facilities where different food companies rent time, so you don’t know whether another food company may have contaminated the equipment. Often, the large national brands are the most reliable.

Milk

Since many kids are allergic to the protein in cow’s milk, you need to watch out for symptoms that may indicate such an allergy in babies. The symptoms may include bloody or mucousy stools, irritability, and the baby drawing her knees up to her abdomen from cramping. If that’s the case, and you are feeding with formula, you can switch to a non-allergenic brand, and the symptoms will usually resolve within a few days. And if you’re breast-feeding, you may need to experiment with your own diet. Eliminating milk protein from your diet often will do the trick. Children often outgrow milk allergies by age two, so ask your doctor about reintroducing milk in small amounts periodically to see if your child can tolerate it down the line.

Help Junior Breathe Free

If your child suffers from asthma, prevention is half the battle. Some actions you should take:

• No smoking and get rid of all allergy triggers.
• Keep pets out of your child’s bedroom—or even better, out of the house.
• Stay calm. When your child is having trouble during an asthma attack, it’s easy to panic. But your losing control only exacerbates your child’s stress response, further constricting his airways. Having a clear plan for how to respond will help ease some of your anxiety.
• See the animals. If you live near a zoo, take your child there before she turns six months old. While she won’t remember the poop-playing monkeys or the sleep-all-day lions, her immune system will. The zoo is filled with a particular type of antigen called endotoxin, which will actually help your child build up her immunity army. Similarly, if you can visit a working farm before your child is six months, you’ll reap the same benefits.
• Get up and go. Children who hang out in front of the TV for two hours a day seem to double their risk of developing asthma. The theory is that TV watching takes the place of physical activity. While the relationships between the behaviors and asthma aren’t fully known, researchers believe there’s a link between lack of physical activity and a change in the structure and function of the lungs. And go swimming: Seems like swimming does an excellent job of lessening asthma symptoms in children, although some kids do have reactions to the chlorine.

A New York Times #1 best-selling author and host of The Dr. Oz Show, Mehmet C. Oz, M.D. is also professor and vice chairman of surgery at New York Presbyterian-Columbia University and the director of the Heart Institute. For more from Dr. Oz, check out You: Raising Your Child and You: Having a Baby, both co-authored with Michael F. Roizen, M.D.

What is Asbestosis? Asbestos Inhalation Lung Disease

Written by Dr. Chris
Asbestosis is an interstitial lung disease caused by the inhalation of asbestos particles. It is a type of pneumoconiosis, which are lung diseases that occur as a result of inhalation of mineral dusts, but it is not the only asbestos-related disease. Other diseases like asbestos-related pleural disease with pleural effusions(fluid around the lungs), cancer of the lung or pleura (mesothelioma) and even malignancies elsewhere in the body are associated with asbestos exposure and inhalation

Types of Asbestos Particles

There main types of asbestos particles include :

• chrysotile (white asbestos)
• crocidolite (blue asbestos)
• amosite (brown asbestos)

Asbestors fibers are long and either curved or straight. The curved fibers like chrysotile are known as serpentines, while the straight fibers like crocidolite and amosite are known as amphiboles. Chrysotile (picture below) is the most widely used asbestos, accounting for some 90% of all types of asbestos used in industry. However, it is the less prevalent amphiboles that are the most pathogenic and more often related to mesothelioma (cancer of the pleura).

Picture of chrysotile asbestos from Wikimedia Commons

How does asbestos cause lung disease?

It is important to note that not every person exposed to asbestos particles will develop lung or related extra-pulmonary diseases. The incidence is directly correlated with the amount of particles inhaled. Size, shape and solubility are other factors. Individual susceptibility is always a factor to consider and cannot be quantified in a manner to identify high risk individuals.

Asbestos particles are quite aerodynamic and coupled with its small size, it can pass fairly easily into the distal airways and lung parenchyma. This is especially true of the straight amphiboles which can travel with the stream of air into the deeper recesses of the lung. Chrysotiles on the other hand are more easily entrapped in the mucus lining the upper airways and subsequently passed out of the respiratory passages. Amphiboles are also less soluble than chrysotiles, can penetrate the epithelial layer and lodge in the tissue spaces. This means that it is less likely to be flushed out as a solute in the tissue fluid or lymph. Its presence causes inflammation of the lung tissue with an influx of macrophages.

Asbestosis is a diffuse interstitial fibrosis of the lung meaning that the area affected is widespread with the development of fibrous tissue. Despite the attempts of the alveolar and interstitial macrophages to phagocytose and remove the asbestos particles, it persists in the air sacs and tissue spaces for years. When coated with ferritin from the phagocytes, these asbestos particles appear as golden-brown rods in the lung tissue known as ferruginous bodies (picture below). The action of the macrophages against the asbestos particles also partly damages the surrounding tissue and promotes fibrosis (fibrogenic).

Picture of asbestosis of the lung with ferruginous bodies from Wikimedia Commons

However the other concern is that asbestos can cause malignancies because it is a tumor initiator and promoter (oncogenic). This is compounded by cigarette smoking or concomitant exposure to other dusts and chemical vapors that are known carcinogens. However, it may remain asymptomatic for years and it is rare for any signs or symptoms to become apparent within the first 10 years of first exposure. Most symptoms appear after 20 years or more